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List of DRAT in India (Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal)
The Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT) is a crucial component of India’s financial and judicial system, established to facilitate the recovery of debts owed to banks and financial institutions. It operates under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993, which was enacted to expedite the adjudication process for debt recovery, thereby alleviating the burden on traditional civil courts.
The Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT) in India is an appellate authority that hears appeals against the orders passed by Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs). It is part of a specialized judicial system established to handle cases involving the recovery of debts by banks and financial institutions.
DRAT stands for Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal in India. It is a specialized tribunal established under the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993. DRATs are responsible for hearing and adjudicating appeals against the orders passed by Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs).
Here’s a comprehensive overview of the DRAT:
Background and Purpose
DRATs were established under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDBFI Act), now known as the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 (RDB Act), to expedite the process of recovering loans and debts for banks and other financial entities. The DRAT functions as an appellate body above DRTs, which handle the initial cases of debt recovery.
Structure and Functioning
- Establishment: DRATs were constituted as appellate bodies to hear appeals against the decisions made by the Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs). Currently, there are five DRATs located in major cities: Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Allahabad.
- Jurisdiction: Each DRAT has jurisdiction over appeals arising from DRT orders within its designated region. They can hear appeals against final orders, interim directions, and other specific orders issued by DRTs.
- Composition: Each DRAT is headed by a Chairman appointed by the Central Government. The tribunal functions with a quasi-judicial framework, ensuring that principles of natural justice are upheld.
Appeal Process
- Filing Appeals: Affected parties must file their appeals within 45 days of receiving a DRT order. However, extensions may be granted under certain circumstances if justified.
There are 39 DRTs and 5 DRATs, which are single Member Tribunals. The jurisdiction of DRATs and list of DRTs is as below:
DRT in India (Debt Recovery Tribunal)
Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) in India are quasi-judicial bodies established under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions (RDDBFI) Act, 1993. Their primary function is to facilitate the recovery of loans owed to banks and financial institutions, providing a specialized mechanism to resolve disputes related to debt recovery more efficiently than traditional civil courts.
The Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) in India is a specialized legal forum created to help banks and financial institutions recover dues from borrowers more effectively. Established under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act (RDDBFI), 1993, it provides an alternative to the regular court system to handle cases of financial recovery more quickly and efficiently.
Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) in India are quasi-judicial bodies established under the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993. Their primary objective is to provide expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions.
Background and Purpose
The establishment of DRTs was a response to the increasing problem of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in the banking sector. Prior to the creation of DRTs, cases related to debt recovery were handled by civil courts, which often resulted in significant delays due to procedural complexities. The DRT system aimed to expedite this process by offering a dedicated forum for these specific types of cases.
Structure and Composition
Each DRT is headed by a Presiding Officer, who is appointed by the Central Government and must be qualified as a District Judge. The tribunal also includes Recovery Officers who assist in executing recovery orders. Currently, there are 39 DRTs and 5 Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) across India, with DRATs serving as appellate bodies for decisions made by DRTs
Tribunal Jurisdictions of DRAT in India (Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal)
DRAT Allahabad (Jurisdiction over 6 DRTs)
| DRT Allahabad | DRT Dehradun | DRT Jabalpur | DRT Lucknow |
| DRT Patna | DRT Ranchi | ||
DRAT Chennai (Jurisdiction over 9 DRTs)
| DRT Chennai-1 | DRT Chennai-2 | DRT Chennai-3 | DRT Bengaluru-1 |
| DRT Bengaluru-2 | DRT Coimbatore | DRT Ernakulam-1 | DRT Ernakulam-2 |
| DRT Madurai | |||
DRAT Delhi (Jurisdiction over 7 DRTs)
| DRT Delhi-1 | DRT Delhi-2 | DRT Delhi-3 | DRT Chandigarh-1 |
| DRT Chandigarh-2 | DRT Chandigarh-3 | DRT Jaipur |
DRAT Kolkata (Jurisdiction over 9 DRTs)
| DRT Kolkata-1 | DRT Kolkata-2 | DRT Kolkata-3 | DRT Hyderabad-1 |
| DRT Hyderabad-2 | DRT Visakhapatnam | DRT Siliguri | DRT Cuttack |
| DRT Guwahati | |||
DRAT Mumbai (Jurisdiction over 8 DRTs)
| DRT Mumbai-1 | DRT Mumbai-2 | DRT Mumbai-3 | DRT Ahmedabad-1 |
| DRT Ahmedabad-2 | DRT Aurangabad | DRT Nagpur | DRT Pune |
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Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interests Act (SARFAESI Act), 2002
The SARFAESI Act, 2002 aims to regulate securitization and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest and to provide for a Central database of security interests created on property rights and for connected matters therewith. The Act has simplified the recovery procedure for banks and specified financial institutions for recovery of secured debts from borrowers without intervention of Courts at the first stage. Borrowers can file applications in the Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) against action taken for enforcement of security interest under this Act, with the appellate jurisdiction for such applications lying with the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs).The Act is applicable to cases where security interest for securing repayment of any financial asset is more than Rs.1 lakh and the amount due is 20% or more of the principal amount and interest thereon.
The Act is not applicable to any security interest created in agricultural land and certain properties not liable to attachment under some specified Acts.
13. Enforcement of security interest.—
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 69 or section 69A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), any security interest created in favour of any secured creditor may be enforced, without the intervention of the court or tribunal, by such creditor in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(2) Where any borrower, who is under a liability to a secured creditor under a security agreement, makes any default in repayment of secured debt or any instalment thereof, and his account in respect of such debt is classified by the secured creditor as non-performing asset, then, the secured creditor may require the borrower by notice in writing to discharge in full his liabilities to the secured creditor within sixty days from the date of notice failing which the secured creditor shall be entitled to exercise all or any of the rights under sub-section (4).
(3) The notice referred to in sub-section (2) shall give details of the amount payable by the borrower and the secured assets intended to be enforced by the secured creditor in the event of non-payment of secured debts by the borrower. 2
(3A) If, on receipt of the notice under sub-section (2), the borrower makes any representation or raises any objection, the secured creditor shall consider such representation or objection and if the secured creditor comes to the conclusion that such representation or objection is not acceptable or tenable, he shall communicate 3 [within fifteen days] of receipt of such representation or objection the reasons for non-acceptance of the representation or objection to the borrower: Provided that the reasons so communicated or the likely action of the secured creditor at the stage of communication of reasons shall not confer any right upon the borrower to prefer an application to the Debts Recovery Tribunal under section 17 or the Court of District Judge under section 17A.]
(4) In case the borrower fails to discharge his liability in full within the period specified in sub-section (2), the secured creditor may take recourse to one or more of the following measures to recover his secured debt, namely:— (a) take possession of the secured assets of the borrower including the right to transfer by way of lease, assignment or sale for realizing the secured asset; 4 [(b) take over the management of the business of the borrower including the right to transfer by way of lease, assignment or sale for realizing the secured asset:
14. Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or District Magistrate to assist secured creditor in taking possession of secured asset.—
(1) Where the possession of any secured assets is required to be taken by the secured creditor or if any of the secured assets is required to be sold or transferred by the secured creditor under the provisions of this Act, the secured creditor may, for the purpose of taking possession or control of any such secured assets, request, in writing, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the District Magistrate within whose jurisdiction any such secured asset or other documents relating thereto may be situated or found, to take possession thereof, and the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or as the case may be, the District Magistrate shall, on such request being made to him— (a) take possession of such asset and documents relating thereto; and (b) forward such asset and documents to the secured creditor:
[Provided that any application by the secured creditor shall be accompanied by an affidavit duly affirmed by the authorised officer of the secured creditor, declaring that—
- the aggregate amount of financial assistance granted and the total claim of the Bank as on the date of filing the application;
- the borrower has created security interest over various properties and that the Bank or Financial Institution is holding a valid and subsisting security interest over such properties and the claim of the Bank or Financial Institution is within the limitation period;
- the borrower has created security interest over various properties giving the details of properties referred to in sub-clause (ii)above;
- the borrower has committed default in repayment of the financial assistance granted aggregating the specified amount;
- consequent upon such default in repayment of the financial assistance the account of the borrower has been classified as a non-performing asset;
- affirming that the period of sixty days notice as required by the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 13, demanding payment of the defaulted financial assistance has been served on the borrower;
- the objection or representation in reply to the notice received from the borrower has been considered by the secured creditor and reasons for non-acceptance of such objection or representation had been communicated to the borrower;
- the borrower has not made any repayment of the financial assistance in spite of the above notice and the Authorised Officer is, therefore, entitled to take possession of the secured assets under the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 13 read with section 14 of the principal Act;
- that the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder had been complied with.
17. Application against measures to recover secured debts.-
Any person (including borrower), aggrieved by any of the measures referred to in sub-section (4) of section 13 taken by the secured creditor or his authorised officer under this Chapter,1 [may make an application along with such fee, as may be prescribed,] to the Debts Recovery Tribunal having jurisdiction in the matter within forty five days from the date on which such measure had been taken: 2 [Provided that different fees may be prescribed for making the application by the borrower and the person other than the borrower.
